Varieties of consciousness in classical Arabic thought: Avicenna, Averroes, and the mutakallimūn, 2023
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Varieties of consciousness in classical Arabic thought: Avicenna, Averroes, and the mutakallimūn
Type Article
Language English
Date 2023
Journal British journal for the history of philosophy
Volume ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print)
Pages 1-22
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In classical Arabic philosophy, the topic of consciousness is commonly associated with Avicenna's ‘Flying Man’ thought experiment. But Avicenna's explorations of the nature of consciousness are not confined to the Flying Man, and he is by no means the only classical Islamic thinker to deem consciousness an important feature of our experience. Consciousness also plays a important role in the epistemology and moral psychology of Avicenna's intellectual rivals, the theologians (mutakallumūn), who represent important sources for Avicenna's own theorizing about consciousness. And while Avicenna's philosophical successor and critic, Averroes, seems to banish consciousness from the core of his cognitive psychology, in doing so he seems to anticipate contemporary efforts to expand the scope of consciousness through the notion of the ‘extended’ mind. This paper examines the varieties of consciousness recognized by Avicenna and several other classical Islamic thinkers with a view to understanding the extent to which their accounts can be mapped on to some of the concepts of consciousness delineated by contemporary philosophers of mind.

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Constructing Averroes’ Epistemology, 2019
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Constructing Averroes’ Epistemology
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2019
Published in Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays
Pages 96–115
Categories no categories
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes was a foundationalist who thought that knowledge in the strict sense must be grounded in certain first principles which are in turn derived (only) from sense-experience. We can have certainty about contingent truths and on the basis of individual encounters rather than only through induction from many experiences. The chapter also discusses the low assessment of evidence given by beliefs acquired through testimony.

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Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation, 2011
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in In the Age of Averroes. Arabic Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century
Pages 159-174
Categories no categories
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation, 2011
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in In the Age of Averroes. Arabic Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century
Pages 159–174
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy, 2010
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy
Type Article
Language English
Date 2010
Journal Quaestio
Volume 10
Pages 65-81
Categories Avicenna, Psychology, Metaphysics, Linguistics
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
It has long been a truism of the history of philosophy that intentionality is an invention of the medieval period, and within this standard narrative, the central place of Arabic philosophy has always been acknowledged. Yet there are many misconceptions surrounding the theories of intentionality advanced by the two main Arabic thinkers whose works were available to the West, Avicenna and Averroes. In the first part of this paper I offer an overview of the general accounts of intentionality and intentional being found in the linguistic, psychological, and metaphysical writings of Avicenna and Averroes, and I trace the terminology of “intentions” to a neglected passage from Avicenna’s logic. In the second part of the paper I examine the way that Avicenna and Averroes apply their general theories of intentionality to the realm of sense perception. I offer an explanation of why Avicenna might have chosen to denominate the objects of the internal sense faculty of estimation as “intentions”, and I explore the implications of Averroes’s decision to attribute intentionality to the external senses and the media of perception.

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Models of the Mind. Metaphysical Presuppositions of the Averroist and Thomistic Accounts of Intellection, 2004
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Models of the Mind. Metaphysical Presuppositions of the Averroist and Thomistic Accounts of Intellection
Type Article
Language English
Date 2004
Journal Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 15
Pages 319–352
Categories Psychology, Aquinas
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes. The Incoherence of The Incoherence (ca. 1180). The Incoherence of the Philosophers, 2003
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Averroes. The Incoherence of The Incoherence (ca. 1180). The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2003
Published in The Classics of Western Philosophy. A Reader's Guide
Pages 119–125
Categories Theology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Imagination and Estimation. Arabic Paradigms and Western Transformations, 2000
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Imagination and Estimation. Arabic Paradigms and Western Transformations
Type Article
Language English
Date 2000
Journal Topoi
Volume 19
Pages 59–75
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Conjunction and the Identity of Knower and Known in Averroes, 1999
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Conjunction and the Identity of Knower and Known in Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 1999
Journal American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly
Volume 73
Pages 159–184
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Memory, Individuals, and the Past in Averroes's Psychology, 1996
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Memory, Individuals, and the Past in Averroes's Psychology
Type Article
Language English
Date 1996
Journal Medieval Philosophy and Theology
Volume 5
Issue 2
Pages 161–187
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes, 1992
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Averroes
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 1992
Published in Dictionary of Literary Biography
Pages 68–79
Categories Surveys
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation, 2011
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in In the Age of Averroes. Arabic Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century
Pages 159-174
Categories no categories
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation, 2011
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Averroes on the Spirituality and Intentionality of Sensation
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in In the Age of Averroes. Arabic Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century
Pages 159–174
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes. The Incoherence of The Incoherence (ca. 1180). The Incoherence of the Philosophers, 2003
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Averroes. The Incoherence of The Incoherence (ca. 1180). The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2003
Published in The Classics of Western Philosophy. A Reader's Guide
Pages 119–125
Categories Theology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Conjunction and the Identity of Knower and Known in Averroes, 1999
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Conjunction and the Identity of Knower and Known in Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 1999
Journal American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly
Volume 73
Pages 159–184
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Consciousness and Self-Knowledge in Aquinas's Critique of Averroes's Psychology, 1993
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Consciousness and Self-Knowledge in Aquinas's Critique of Averroes's Psychology
Type Article
Language English
Date 1993
Journal Journal of the History of Philosophy
Volume 31
Pages 349–385
Categories Psychology, Aquinas
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Constructing Averroes’ Epistemology, 2019
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Constructing Averroes’ Epistemology
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2019
Published in Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays
Pages 96–115
Categories no categories
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes was a foundationalist who thought that knowledge in the strict sense must be grounded in certain first principles which are in turn derived (only) from sense-experience. We can have certainty about contingent truths and on the basis of individual encounters rather than only through induction from many experiences. The chapter also discusses the low assessment of evidence given by beliefs acquired through testimony.

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Imagination and Estimation. Arabic Paradigms and Western Transformations, 2000
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Imagination and Estimation. Arabic Paradigms and Western Transformations
Type Article
Language English
Date 2000
Journal Topoi
Volume 19
Pages 59–75
Categories Psychology
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy, 2010
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy
Type Article
Language English
Date 2010
Journal Quaestio
Volume 10
Pages 65-81
Categories Avicenna, Psychology, Metaphysics, Linguistics
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
It has long been a truism of the history of philosophy that intentionality is an invention of the medieval period, and within this standard narrative, the central place of Arabic philosophy has always been acknowledged. Yet there are many misconceptions surrounding the theories of intentionality advanced by the two main Arabic thinkers whose works were available to the West, Avicenna and Averroes. In the first part of this paper I offer an overview of the general accounts of intentionality and intentional being found in the linguistic, psychological, and metaphysical writings of Avicenna and Averroes, and I trace the terminology of “intentions” to a neglected passage from Avicenna’s logic. In the second part of the paper I examine the way that Avicenna and Averroes apply their general theories of intentionality to the realm of sense perception. I offer an explanation of why Avicenna might have chosen to denominate the objects of the internal sense faculty of estimation as “intentions”, and I explore the implications of Averroes’s decision to attribute intentionality to the external senses and the media of perception.

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Logic and Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics in medieval Arabic philosophy, 1990
By: Deborah Louise Black
Title Logic and Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics in medieval Arabic philosophy
Type Monograph
Language undefined
Date 1990
Publication Place Leiden, New York
Publisher Brill
Series Islamic Philosophy and Theology
Volume 7
Categories Rhetoric
Author(s) Deborah Louise Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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